慶應義塾大学
2008年度 春学期

システム・ソフトウェア
System Software / Operating Systemsオペレーティングシステム

2008年度春学期　火曜日2時限
科目コード: 60730
開講場所：SFC
授業形態：講義
担当: Rodney Van Meter
E-mail: rdv@sfc.keio.ac.jp

第1回 4月8日 OSの歴史と基本概念
Lecture 1, April 8: OS History and Basic Principles概念

Outline of This Lecture

Review of Students' Programming Backgrounds

Take a sheet of paper. On it, put your name and student ID number. Then answer the following questions:

  1. Do you currently have a working C compiler on your system?
    現在、C言語のコンパイラーを持っていますか。
  2. List the operating systemsオペレーティングシステム and versions you have used:
    今までの使ったことがあるオペレーティングシステムをリストアップしてください。
    Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris?
  3. How many years ago did you start programming?
    何年前にプログラ ミングを始まったでしょう。
  4. Have you administered a multi-user computer system before, such as a web server or file server?
    マルチユーザーのコンピューター（ウェブサーバー、ファイルサーバーなど）を管理したことありますか。
  5. Have you managed the following services:
    以下のサービスを管理したことありますか。
    networking, file, web, compute, DNS, public key?
  6. List the languages you have programmed in:
    今までの使ったことがある言語をリストアップしてください：
    assembler, BASIC, C,　C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, sh, ...?
  7. Which tools have you used:
    このリストの中にはどのツールを使ったことがある：
    make, CVS, RCS, Microsoft VisualC etc., automake, grep, sed, awk, lex/flex, yacc/bison, Spirit, ...?
  8. What is the longest program you have written, measured in lines?
    ひとつのプログラムは何行まで書きましたか。
  9. When you write code, do you write comments?
    プログラムを書いているとき、コメントを書きますか。
  10. Have you worked in a team to write one program? What source code control system did you use? How did you divide up the work, and how did you define and test interfaces between members of the team?
    一 人以上のグループでプログラムを書いたことありますか。ソースコードコント ロールはどうやってしましたか。仕事がどうやって分割しましたか。インター フェースの定義のしかたには何をしましたか。

Course Outline

教科書 Textbook

モダンオペレーティングシステム
原著第 2 版
アンドリュー・S・タネンバウム=著
水野忠則，太田剛，最所圭三，福田晃，吉澤康
文=訳
ピアソン・エデュケーション
ISBN4-89471-537-6

Modern Operating Systemsオペレーティングシステム, 2nd edition
Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Pearson Education
ISBN-13: 978-0130313584
ISBN-10: 0130313580

Lecture by Lecture

前提知識
Prerequisite前提・前提知識s

I am flexible about how formal your background is, but there are a few concepts you need to know:

Requirements

The course consists of thirteen ninety-minute classes. Students are expected to read a large number of papers on systems software and maintain notes and a bibliography, contribute to classroom discussions, and complete weekly homeworkかだい. A large-scale software project will contribute the bulk of the grade.

成績の仕方
Grading

Your grade will be determined as follows:

宿題とノート
Homeworkかだい and Notes

授業の為のブログ又はウェブページを作ってください。無料のサービスかキャン パス内のウェブページを使っても結構です。成績をつけるために、宿題とかブ ログに入力してください。プライバシーがほしい方はパスワードをつけても良 い。コメントを入力できるブログが優遇である。

You will need to create a class blog. You can use any of the free blogging services. You will post your homeworkかだい on your blog for me to grade. If you are concerned about privacy, you may use a password-protected site. Your blog should allow me to post comments on it as part of the grading of your work.

Term Project

You will complete a moderately large software project during the term. Projects may be individual, or teams of up to three students. We will talk about ideas for specific projects next week. The following schedule applies:

Contacting Me/Office Hours/Class Notes
連絡先/オフィスアワー

If you need to contact me, email is the preferred method. Please put "OS:" in the Subject field of the email. If I do not respond to a query within 24 hours, please resend. For more urgent matters, junsec should know how to get ahold of me.

Office Hours, Spring 2008春のオフィスアウアー：Wednesday （水曜日）, 9-12, Delta N205. You may come to my office during this time without an appointment. If you wish to see me otherwise, you can attempt to find me directly, or send me email to arrange an appointment.

The lecture notes for each week are posted in SFC-SFS shortly before the lecture.

Operating Systemオペレーティングシステム Principles概念
オペレーティングシステムの概念

Two principles概念: everything is distributed分散, and everything is concurrent同時実行・平行. Relativity相対性理論 (special, at least) applies to software. That is, when attempting to perform any operation, you must consider how to move the information you need to where you are, and you must consider the effect of any other possible operation happening at the same time elsewhere in the system.

ふたつの概念：全ての情報は分散である、とすべてのことは同時でやる。 特殊相対性理論はソフトウエアでも影響する。何かを処理しようとすると き、必要なデータが保存してあるところから現在地にはこんでこなければいけ ない。ほかのところでほか関数されることも考えておかなければいけない。

You must consider the light cone光円錐 of information.

光円錐をかんがえなければならない。

lightcone (Wikipedia)
Tanenbaum defines an operating systemオペレーティングシステム from two primary points of view: that it is a resource managerリソースマネージャ（管理）, and that it serves to extend the machine. I consider two other concepts to be so fundamental that I rank them alongside those two: naming, and data movementデータ転送.

オペレーティングシステムの定義として、Tanenbaumの観点はふたつである： オペレーティングシステムはリソースマネジャ、とオペレーティングシステム は拡張マシンです。私の意見で、もうふたつのこと同じぐらいのレベル重要だ と思います：ネーミングとデータの転送。

These will be considered, along with papers on how to structure a system. Although it is important to understand a system as thoroughly as possible, students will also begin to recognize the value of being able to use, modify, and debug systems they do not completely understand, and how to build systems in which this is possible.

Operating Systemオペレーティングシステム History
オペレーティングシステムの歴史

In the mid-twentieth century, there was much excitement over the design of digital computers. Early important names include John von Neumann, Konrad Zuse, J. Presper Eckert, John William Mauchly, and Maurice Wilkes; I encourage you look up those names and study their contributions. The term "von Neumann architecture" is generally used to refer to a computer that can store a program as a form of data, rather than in the wiring of the computer itself, though it is generally acknowledged that all of the above contributed to the basic ideas. Without this innovation, the field of computer software would be very dry!

By the mid-1950s, computers made of transistors and capable of storing their programs were becoming common. At first, each program controlled the entire computer; it was like reformatting your hard disk each time you wanted to run a different program -- except, of course, this was before the invention of the hard disk! Programs were on decks of punch cards instead. Individuals used the computer for a single program for hours at a time. Each program had to know how to control all of the hardware of the entire computer that it intended to use. (The first hard disk, the IBM 305 RAMAC, held five megabytes and was introduced in 1956.)

IBM RAMAC disks
At the same time, the first high-level languages and compilers, of which FORTRAN is the most prominent example, were being developed. During this time, batch system operating systemsオペレーティングシステム were created. The computer was run by operators, a specialized profession of people who did not necessarily write programs, but knew how to run a progam on the computer. They took card decks from programmers, fed them to the computer, and returned the original program and data card decks and the output data card deck to the programmers.

On April 7, 1964, IBM introduced the System/360. It was a watershed event in computing history, but for our purposes there are two major innovations:

Around 1960, it was realized that more than one user could be seated at a terminal端末 at the same time, and that each user spends most of his time thinking, which would allow the computer to be idle. Fernando J. Corbató led the development of the Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS), but Corbató credits John McCarthy with the original idea. Corby went on to lead the development of Multics, which would ultimately lead to the development of Unix. With these systems, and others such as some of the operating systemsオペレーティングシステム from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), especially VMS, the idea of computers that could do many things at once and support many users at the same time became common.

Multics machine with tape and disk (from multicians.org)
In the late 1970s, personal computers began to appear; their history followed the same sequence as above, only faster. Initially a personal computer could run only a single program. Later, systems could run more than one program, but with no hardware protection for the separate programs, crashes were common as programs interfered with one another. Finally, more "modern" PC operating systemsオペレーティングシステム adopted the widely-accepted notions of a kernel and common libraries that allowed programs to more efficiently and safely share a computer. Programs in these systems are run in a process. Today's PC operating systemsオペレーティングシステム, such as Linux, Microsoft Windows, and MacOS, are heavily derived from the systems mentioned above. They also commonly ship with a GUI and many utilities, including shells, editors, compilers, and graphics tools, that are not strictly part of the OS itself.

Computing Today

I want to finish with a few thoughts about the current trends in computer systems. If you are not aware of these trends, you should be; they will affect your career.
Moore's Law transistors per chip graph from Intel Transistor channel length, from ITRS

Readings

Readings to match this week's lecture:

Homeworkかだい

This week's homeworkかだい:

  1. Establish a homeworkかだい blog for your notes and homeworkかだい. Send me the URL. If you wish your blog to be private, you can password-protect it and send me the password.
  2. Demonstrate that you have a working compiler setup where you will be able to write programs for class. Capture the output of the compilation and execution of a simple program (such as "Hello, world") and post it on your blog. Include the amount of time it took you to complete this exercise.
  3. Read the paper above (Levin) and post your notes about the papers on your blog. (It is not necessary to write up notes about the readings from the textbook.)
  4. If you have additional thoughts about the above discussion of programming experience, please email me or post them on your blog.
  5. What are the following hexadecimal十六進法 numbers, in binary二進法 and in decimal?
    1. 0x64
    2. 0x1000
    3. 0x100
    4. 0x400
    5. 0x1049
  6. Read the text for next week.

Next Lecture

Next lecture:

第2回 4月15日 システムコール
Lecture 2, April 15: System Calls

Readings for next week:

その他 Additional Information